Computer Forensics

As researched on just plain forensics I came across a video which talked about computer forensics. They basically analyze a hardrive and stripped off all the information from it to show what the person who was using it doing. I thought it was interesting since it is similar to forensics but instead of using DNA from a person they use the codes from the hardrive.

See Video

Dental Record Notes

- “Dental Record was created by the Wisconsin Dental Association to provide dentists with a quality dental record system.”
- Charting System
o Complete Record – contains 14 forms of clinical, legal, financial and administrative records.
o Flexible Record – contains 2 dividers, 2 pockets 8 popular forms. Then a choice of 4 additional tablets of forms that work best for any practice.
o Basic Record - Eight basic forms, which covers the most essential record keeping requirements with the option to supplement with additional forms at any time.
o Children’s Record - Seven basic forms in this package address the unique record keeping needs of children from infancy through adolescence. The Children’s Record may be converted to the Complete Record when the child becomes an adult.
o Emergency Record - offers a unique, compact, “pocket folder” that covers all your essential record keeping needs for your single-visit patient. The chart provides areas for registration, patient history, doctor's notes, insurance, release, and consent. This amazing chart can be filed in its own Emergency Record cabinet offered by The Dental Record or inserted directly into any of the other Dental Record charts
- Dental Records should contain components specified in the following subparts:
o Personal Data – Name, birth date, address, parents/guardian if minor, and emergency contact’s name and number.
o Dental and medical History - information from the patient or the patient's parent or guardian on the patient's dental and medical history. The information shall include a sufficient amount of data to support the recommended treatment plan.
o Reason for visit – Include patient’s stated oral health care reasons for visiting the dentist.
o Clinical examination progress notes –
• Description of clinical examination, tests conducted and diagnosis.
• Plan of intended treatment.
• Description of services rendered and any treatment complications.
• Description of all radiographs, study models, and periodontal charting if applicable.
• Name of, quantity of, and strength of all drugs dispensed, administered, or prescribed.
• Name of dentist, dental hygienist, or any other auxiliary, who performs any treatment or service or who may have information regarding a patient.
- Informed consent – documentation of informed concent which includes discussion of procedure(s), option, potential complications and known risks and patient’s consent to proceed with treatment.
- Retention of records – a dentist shall maintain a patient’s dental record for a minimum of 5 years after the last date of examination, prescribing or treatment.
Electronic record keeping - When electronic records are kept, a dentist shall keep either a duplicate hard copy record or use an unalterable electronic record.


Source:
http://www.dentalrecord.com/about.cfm
http://www.wda.org/professional/association/member_benefits/dentalrecord.asp
http://www.uiowa.edu/~iowaperi/IBDErecord.htm

Forensics Notes

Human Genome Project
- 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health (1990-2003)
- identification of about 20,000-25,000 genes in the human DNA and store the information in databases.
- identification works through the examination of DNA. Forensic scientist scans 13 DNA regions of an individual and uses the information to create a DNA profile.
- Only one-tenth of a single percent of DNA differs from one person to the next.
- The use of samples from blood, bone, hair and other body tissues and products can generate DNA.



Technologies used in forensic investigations
- RFLP – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
o Technique for analyzing DNA fragments that result from digesting DNA samples with an enzyme, which cuts DNA at a specific sequence pattern called a restriction endonuclease recognition site. The absence or presence of this “site” in a DNA sample generate a variable lengths of DNA fragments. This technique isn’t used as much because it requires large amounts of DNA and it does not work well with samples degraded by environmental factors.
- PCR Analysis – Polymerase Chain Reaction
o This analysis is used to create millions of copies of DNA from a biological sample. It allows DNA analysis on biological samples as small as a few skin cells.
- STR Analysis – Short tandem repreat
o Used to evaluate specific regions within nuclear DNA. “Variability in STR regions can be used to distinguish one DNA profile from another.” The FBI uses 13 specific STR regions for a software program that operates local, state, and national databases of DNA profile from convicted offenders, unsolved crime scene evidence and mission persons called CODIS (combine DNA index system).
- mtDNA - Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
o It examine the DNA from Samples that cannot be analyzed by RFLP or STR. mtDNA analysis uses DNA extracted from another cellular organelle called a mitochondrion.
- Y-Chromosome Analysis
o Useful for tacing relationship among males or for analyzing biological evidence involving multiple male contributors.



DNA forensic Databases – CODIS
- Combine DNA Index System – a combination of computer and DNA technology, which creates a tool for fighting violent crimes.
- CODIS enables an exchange and comparing of DNA profiles electronically, thereby linking crimes to each other and to convicted offenders.
- Began in 1990 serving 14 states and local laboratories.
- Three levels – local, state and national. NDIS level is the highest level, comparing and exchanging DNA profiles on a national level. SDIS (state level) allows laboratories within states to exchange DNA profiles.
- Today CODIS Is installed in more than 100 laboratories!
- NDIS contains more than 210,000 profiles from 24 states.
- CODIS uses biological evidence which is recovered from crime scene and separates them into 2 indexes:
o Forensic Index – contains DNA profiles from crime scene evidence
o Offender Index – contains DNA profiles of individuals convicted of violent crimes.
- By 1999, CODIS has produced over 600 hits assisting in more than 1,100 investigations.


a good book which deals with forensisis called FORENSIC DENTAL EVIDENCE by C. Michael Bowers.


"This compact text is authored by a well respected forensic odontologist, and is aimed at anyone who is involved in utilising dental evidence, including the police, forensic investigators, dentists and pathologists."


I found a video which explains what a Forensic Investigator does See Video

Source:
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml
http://www.dur.ac.uk/p.j.johnson/eu.html
http://www.tncrimlaw.com/forensic/
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/codis/index1.htm
http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/books_10.htm

Research Redirected

As I talked with Susan about my research so far I realized that my research topic needs a new direction. She gave me the possible redirection...the research related to digital x-rays....

-Identification
-Dental records
-Database
-Forensics
- how to building a database
-What is a database?
-How are you identified? Is it through your dental records?
-Who can access your dental records?
-Is there a database for dental records?

Why 32?

As you mature your 20 baby teeth falls and your permenent comes out. When all of your adult teeth grow in, you will have 32 teeth. If one of these teeth falls out because that person does not take care of it then it is gone forever...



I have narrowed my video & methodology...
- found footage
-1 min
-video & images
- unattached sound


sources:
- http://www.altavista.com/
- http://sxc.hu
-

History of Digital X-Rays

- 1900s – discovery of X-ray by Professor Roentgen.
- first 50 years from discovery of x-rays involved of an examination process using a special film cassettes, which is inserted in the body, such as the intestine through the anal, to create an image. Patients had to hold the cassettes themselves.
- Fluorescent screens and special glasses was then developed for doctors to see the images taken from x-rays at real time.
- 1946- development of film cassette changer by George Schoenander. Allowed series of cassettes to be exposed at a movie frame rate of 1.5 cassettes per second, which was later improved in 1953 to 6 frames per second by using a special cut film changer.
- development of contrast medium helped visual organs and blood vessels more clearly. Patients took them orally or was injected with them. Contrast mediums “allowed doctors to see the blood vessels, digestive and gastro-intestinal systems, bile ducts and gall bladder for the first time.”
- 1955 – Image intensifier (I.I) developed. This machine allowed the pick up and display of x-rays on a monitor using a television camera.
- 1960 – florescent system replaced by the I.I/TV combination. Combine with cut-film changer the I.I opened a new way of radiologic sub-specialty.
- 1970 – digital imaging techniques were implemented. Angiographic procedures were done, by looking at the blood vessels in the brain, kidneys, arms, legs and the blood vessels of the heart. Digital x-ray detectors replaced film cassette/film screen system. Phosphor plate technology, which are plates that traps the x-ray energy and require an intermediate processing step to release the stored information so it can be converted into digital pictures, was developed.




Source:
http://imaginis.com/faq/history.asp

32 "cavities of the world"

I see the world as "your teeth." If you don't take care of your teeth then it will be filled with "cavities." This week I asked my peers to list 32 cavities of the world...

1. poverty --> hunger --> children
2. murders
3. drugs
4. hate --> racism
5. abuse --> wife & child
6. homeless
7. war --> iraq
8. crime --> stealing/robbery
9. cheating --> husband/wife --> bf/gf
10. natural disasters --> hurricane katrina
11. child pornography
12. obesity/ anorexia
13. environemental polution
14. child labor
15. animal extinction
16. animal testing
17. inflation
18. terriosm --> suicide bombing
19. cults
20. alcohol abuse --> underaged drinking
21. sweat shops
22. prostitution
23. boot legging --> cds/dvd
24. abortion --> young pregnancy
25. clear cutting trees
26. low wages
27. paranoia --> video games --> columbine shooting
28. orphans
29. corrupt system --> cops/ politician
30. racktering --> mafia
31. over population --> china/india --> if more than 1 child then parent gets placed in jail or death to child.
32. gangs

Teeth Trouble (reasearch/proposal brainstorm)

Questions I asked to myself:
What does digital X-Ray do?
When you think of digital x-ray what else comes to mind?
- dentist
o cavity
o plaque
o root canal
o floss
o drill
o toothpaste/toothbrust
o gargle
o filling
- showing things unseen to the naked eye
- show bad things happening to teeth so dentist can fix it
- panoramic digital x-ray


concept
- a “digital x-ray” machine that shows 30+ a cavity (negative) of the world.
o Why 30+? That is how many teeth in an average person’s mouth
- Tooth trouble = digital x-ray which shows the hidden cavities of the world.


execution in gallery → video installation
- picture of panoramic digital x-ray of teeth (30+ teeth) → each tooth have a trigger where if the audience touch the trigger it shows a 1 minute of a cavity (negative) in the world.
- When nothing is triggered
o Video: picture of people around the world….normal people
o Audio: play all of the audios all at once.

Visual video methodology
- 30 negative (the cavity of the world)
o drugs
o poverty
o negative events
o killing → guns, murders
o etc….

Audio methodology
- raw footage
- interviews
o question:
• what was your most horrible life experience?
• Did anything happened to you or a family/friend which you feel was horrible?
• Tell of a very bad dream

Free Culture by Lawrence Lessing

Lawrence Lessing's talk about Free Culture was interesting to hear. It made me think about copyrights on word documentation all around the Internet. He talked about the "refrain." This refrain consists of four parts:
1. Creativity and innovation always builds on the past.
2. The past always tries to control the creativity that builds on it.
3. Free societies enable the future by limiting the past.
4. Ours is less and less a free society.

- publishers demanded a common law copyright that last forever.
- freed culture was a result of the Millar v. Taylor case.
- 1790 - established a regime that left creativity unregulated because copyright law only covered printing and it did not control derivative work for 14 years.
- all things protected are "FREE CODE"
- walt disney stole steamboat willie from buster keaton's steamboat bill jr. walt disney always parroted his disney films:
the littile mermaid(1989)
beauty and the beast (1991)
sleepy hollow (1958)
mulan (1998)
20,000 leagues (1954)
hunchback (1996)
jungle book (1967)
alice in wonderland (1951)
paul bunyon (1958)
sleeping beauty (1959)
cinderella (1950)
kidnapped (1960)
jonny appleseed (1955)
pinocchio (1940)

Learning about how disney movies was based on other people's work because that culture lived under an "intellectual common" where it was lawyer free was the most interesting part of this lecture.

Reaserch Notes...

During the convention I collected some brochures on digital xrays from different brands. As I go through the brochures I collected some information on what each brand had to offer.


What are digital X-Ray?
digital x-rays allow for visual enhancements that expand the detail for the dental staff and patients. Also, because the pictures are digital, there is no time spent waiting to develop films, and the radiation levels are 90% less than traditional x-rays.


Different Digital X-Ray Brands
Dexis
- 1994 – Dexis sensor is developed in technical collaboration with Lockheed Martin, the leading US aerospace manufacturer.
- 1995 – Dexis Digital X-ray System launches in Germany.
- 1996 – Introduction of the industry’s first hot-swappable, external PC capture card, heralding a new era of X-ray portability and affordability.
- 1997 – FDA approves Dexis to be able to distribute its revolutionary laptop X-ray solution in the US dental market.
- 1998 – Introduction of the first intelligent ClearVu image tools to assist doctors with diagnosing their patients. ClearVu causes software to enhanced any differences in contrast which makes decay jump off the screen.
- 2000 – Dexis launches its Total Image Management solution, incorporating digital radiography, film scanning, video imaging and report-writing tools.
- 2002 – introduction o f Dexis 5.0, both Endodontists and Periodontists have digital radiography solutions tailored to their specific needs.
- Traditional X-ray film was the patient diagnosis standard in dentistry for most of the 20th century.
- Digital Radiography offers substantial patient benefits over film for many doctors.
- Dentists want to diagnose from images that are at least equivalent to traditional film.
- Scan all the film-based X-rays, capture your intra-oral photography, create professional patient reports.
- Many doctors start with a simple laptop solution, while others opt for a fully interfaced network, linked to their practice management system.

Reason for using Digital X-ay rather then film X-ray.
- Lack of intra-oral comfort is the complaint expressed by many patients about films. Dexis created a single Perfect Size sensor. Its features contain 4 rounded corners, moderate profile and seamless casing. No sharp edges.
- Most patients prefer to avoid unnecessary exposure to radiation whenever possible. Digital Radiography reduces radiation when compared to X-ray exposed with traditional film.
- X-ray film process is time consuming. Digital Radiography dramatically reduces the total time needed to expose, process and mount the series.
- Film is too small and cannot be enlarged. Digital images are virtually instantaneous, readily scalable and can be enhanced and manipulated. Large images can improve patient interaction and co-discovery with the doctors.
- Digital X-ray are easier to learn and inexpensive. Many doctors spend money on film, chemicals, mounts and labor each month if they go to the traditional X-ray films.

Lightyear Direct
- Premier Diagnostics Module – Dental imaging to the highest power.
o Provides highest level of digital x-ray image enhancement and presentation tolls in dentistry.
o HyperClear – uses adaptive filtering to provide greater contrast for tooth or bone.
o Contoura – transforms radiographs into remarkable 3-D images for astounding clarity. The 3-d Contoura image makes it easier to identify caries, abscesses and other dimensional pathologies.
o TimeView – allows you to view current and prior x-rays of the same area to reveal and compare changes in specific pathology over time. Being able to compare current and previous x-rays can enable patients to more readily understand the progression of their dental problems.
- SpeedVision Digital X-Ray System – The Next Generation of Digital X-Ray
o Faster workflow → capture x-rays, search for patient records, enhance images and perform specific operation.
o Great image qualities.
• X-Detect – takes original image, analyzes every pixel and sharpens the image to reveal slightest detail.
• PerfectRay – automatically corrects under or over exposed images, reductin the need for time-consuming re-takes.
- Digital Panoramic X-ray
o Panoramic x-ray can enable you to identify a wider range of conditions, to better serve your patients.

Planmeca
- Planmeca Proline X-rays
o Series of panoramic X-rays standards for high-quality, practical and user-friendly extraoral dental X-ray units.